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다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
1.
The understanding problem is simply that humans are not really set up to hear logic. People, however, like to hear stories. The reason that people like to hear stories, however, ①is not transparent to them. People need a context to help them relate what they have heard ②to what they already know. We understand events in terms of other events we have already understood. When a decision-making heuristic, or rule of thumb, is presented to us without a context, we cannot decide the validity of the rule we have heard, nor ③do we know where to store this rule in our memories. Thus, the rule we are given ④is both difficult to evaluate and difficult to remember, making it virtually useless. People who fail to couch what they have to say in memorable stories will have their rules ⑤to fall on deaf ears despite their best intentions, and despite the best intentions of their listeners. A good teacher is not one who explains things correctly, but one who couches his explanations in a memorable (i.e., an interesting) format.
*heuristic 발견적 방법 **couch 표현하다
정답 : ⑤fall
2. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Directness and honesty are qualities that our society values ①highly. We expect people to be who they say they are and tell us the truth about ②themselves. Before the advent of computers, anyone who used an assumed name ③was thought to be hiding something disreputable. Inexperienced computer users may continue to feel this way about online contacts. ④Because of so many of the cues that we use to evaluate people are missing in cyberspace, computer users need to understand that virtual meeting places are different from face-to-face contacts. Until we have good reason to know and trust the people behind the instant message pop-up or the chat room screen, we should remain ⑤anonymous and it is not dishonest to do so.
정답 : ④Because
3. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
To appreciate the long-term benefits of industrialization one does not have to accept its cruelties. One can imagine an alternative history of the Industrial Revolution ①in which modern sensibilities applied earlier and the factories operated without children and with better working conditions for the adults. Today there are doubtless factories in the developing world that could offer as many jobs and still turn a profit ②while treating their workers more humanely. Pressure from trade negotiators and consumer protests ③has measurably improved working conditions in many places, and it is a natural progression as countries get richer and more integrated into the global community. Progress consists not in accepting every change as part of an indivisible package—as if we had to make a yes-or-no decision ④on whether the Industrial Revolution, or globalization, is a good thing or bad thing, exactly as each has unfolded in every detail. Progress consists of unbundling the features of a social process as much as we can ⑤maximize the human benefits while minimizing the harms.
정답 : ⑤to maximize
4. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
As for the advice to say what you said, the key is the expression “in other words.” There’s no sense in copying a sentence from every paragraph and ①pasting them together at the end. That just forces the reader to figure out the point of those sentences all over again, and it is tantamount to a confession ②that the author isn’t presenting ideas (which can always be clothed in different language) but just ③shuffling words around the page. A summary should repeat enough of the key words to allow the reader to connect it back to the earlier passages that spelled out the points in detail. But those words should ④be fitted into new sentences that work together as a coherent passage of prose in its own right. The summary should be self-contained, almost as if the material being summarized ⑤never existed.
*tantamount to ~와 같은[동등한] **shuffle 뒤섞다
정답 : ⑤had never existed.
5. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Marine debris affects animals through ingesting it or getting entangled in it; it is estimated that up to 100,000 marine mammals, including endangered species, ①being killed each year by marine debris. Very serious effects happen when marine animals become entangled in debris such as fishing line and six-pack rings. Birds get fishing line ②entangled around their legs, which get injured and may be lost. Large amounts of plastic debris ③have been found in the habitat of endangered Hawaiian monk seals, including in areas that serve as nurseries. Entanglement in plastic debris has led to injury and deaths in endangered Steller sea lions, with ④packing bands the most common entangling material. Hatchling sea turtles run down the beach to the ocean, a critical phase in their life cycle. Debris can be a major impediment if they get entangled in fishing nets or trapped in containers such as plastic cups and open canisters. Marine debris is an aspect of habitat quality for nesting sites and may help ⑤explain declines in turtle nest numbers on certain beaches.
*debris 쓰레기 **hatchling 갓 부화한 동물
***impediment 방해(물)
정답 : ①are killed
6. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Regulations covering scientific experiments on human subjects ①are stringent. Subjects must give their informed, written consent, and experimenters must submit their proposed experiments to rigorous scrutiny by overseeing bodies. Scientists who experiment on themselves can, functionally if not legally, ②avoid the restrictions associated with experimenting on other people. They can also sidestep most of the ethical issues involved: nobody, presumably, is more aware of an experiment’s potential hazards than the scientist who devised it. Nonetheless, experimenting on oneself remains ③deeply problematic. One obvious drawback is the danger involved; knowing that it exists does nothing to reduce it. A less obvious drawback is the limited range of data that the experiment can generate. Human anatomy and physiology vary, in small but significant ways, according to gender, age, lifestyle, and other factors. Experimental results derived from a single subject ④to be, therefore, of limited value; there is no way to know ⑤whether the subject’s responses are typical or atypical of the response of humans as a group.
*stringent 엄격한, 엄중한 **scrutiny 정밀 조사
***anatomy (해부학적) 구조
정답 : ④are
7. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
In many schools, the art program traditionally ①has been viewed as a particularly favorable setting for educating students with special needs. In art classes, children are able to interact with such materials as paint or clay in direct response to their senses of sight, sound, smell, and touch. The materials of art are sensory, concrete, and manipulable in direct ways that are unique within the school curriculum. All the senses can be brought into interaction, ②providing opportunities to adapt art making activities for students who have some sensory or mobility impairment. For example, children with visual impairment can form expressive objects with clay. Children with hearing impairment can visually observe a demonstration of color ③mixing with paint and ④trying the process with ⑤immediately verifiable results, and children with motor disabilities can work with finger paints or with large brushes for painting.
*impairment (신체적·정신적) 장애
정답 : ④try
8. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Medical imaging techniques are constantly being refined, and this effort ①has been aided by various space technologies over the years. Digital image processing techniques developed at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory to allow for computer enhancement of lunar pictures from the Apollo missions have since led to ②improved MRI and CT imaging. Techniques in astronomy have also refined imaging. The very same infrared sensors used to remotely observe the temperature of stars and planets ③are now being used to help surgeons map brain tumors. Charge-Coupled Device chip technologies stemming from the Hubble Telescope have greatly furthered breast cancer detection techniques, ④allowing breast tissue to be imaged more clearly and efficiently, thus ⑤increased resolution so as to be able to distinguish between malignant and benign tumors without resorting to surgical biopsy. Moreover, the procedure is ten times cheaper than a surgical biopsy, and greatly reduces the pain, scarring, radiation exposure and time associated with surgical biopsies.
*malignant 악성의 **benign 양성의 ***biopsy 조직 검사
정답 : ⑤increasing
9. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
The way ①in which people shape landscapes often reflects the dominant culture. In a ②highly commercialized setting such as the United States, it is not surprising that many landscapes are seen as commodities. In other words, they are valued because of their market potential. Residents develop an identity in part ③based on how the landscape can generate income for the community. This process involves more than the conversion of the natural elements into commodities. The landscape itself, including the people and their sense of self, ④taking on the form of a commodity. Over time, the landscape identity can evolve into a sort of “logo” that can be used ⑤to sell the stories of the landscape. Thus, California’s “Wine Country,” Florida’s “Sun Coast,” or South Dakota’s “Badlands” shape how both outsiders and residents perceive a place, and these labels build a set of expectations associated with the culture of those who live there.
정답 : ④takes on
10. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
There are multiple views of the learner in theories of cognition, just as there are multiple theories of the nature of art. Some portray the learner as a lone individual ①trying to make sense of a work of art or, for that matter, the world. Others picture learners as living within a social or cultural context ②from which knowledge derives its meaning. Such different views of the learner have consequences for teaching the arts. At the same time, if works of art are ③to be understood in terms of their social and cultural origins and purposes, then it would make sense to integrate the knowledge of the artwork into those subjects, such as the social studies or history, ④there knowledge of the culture and society is collaterally provided. But if works of art are thought of as autonomous structures whose meaning is set by the artist, where there is one “objective” or “right” interpretation, ⑤independent of its social context, then it might make more sense to pair this conception of art with the view of the learner as a lone individual.
*collaterally 나란히
정답 : ④where
11. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
You may resist the notion that music, which you think should be free to express emotion, ①is best thought of as rule-governed behavior. But rules govern all meaningful human cultural behavior in just this way. The point is not ②that musical performance is predetermined by rules, but that it proceeds according to them. In this view, music is like a game or a conversation: Without rules we could not have a game, and without agreement about what words are, what they mean, and how they are used, we ③cannot hold a meaningful conversation. Nonetheless, just as meaningful conversations can express emotion, ④so meaningful music can express it as well, though not, of course, in exactly the same way. Further, if a listener does not understand the rules, he or she can understand neither the intention of the composer ⑤or musician nor the music’s structure.
정답 : ③could not hold
12. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Since the 19th century, economics ①has borne the dishonorable name of “the dismal science.” Some people think economics is called “the dismal science” because it’s a dry and difficult subject. ②Others think it’s because economics tackles depressing topics such as poverty, crime, war, taxes, inflation, and economic collapse. The cheerless nickname has been attributed by some to the Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle, who reportedly coined the term when ③discussing economist Thomas Malthus’s prediction that one day population growth would outstrip food production and cause widespread famine. It’s true that Carlyle wrote about Malthus on occasion. But Carlyle’s negative characterization of economics in fact appears in an article that he wrote about slavery in the West Indies, not in any of his writings about Malthus. And, as it turns out, Carlyle delivered his insult to economics simply ④because the free market economists of his time did not support his proslavery views. So, in the end, economics earned its less than auspicious nickname for being ⑤on which most would agree was the right side of history.
*dismal 우울한 **auspicious 상서로운
정답 : ⑤on what
13. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
While humor is one of the important coping mechanisms of Native Americans, it should be used only if the client invites it, ①meaning that the client trusts the counselor enough to connect on that level. What, in one situation, can be humor between two people, in another can be interpreted as ridicule or ②worn a mask. Counselors, therefore, have to be sensitive to ③using humor in a way that doesn’t reinforce various means of oppression that the client has endured probably for all of her or his life. However, in the positive direction, humor provides the opportunity to connect with the client on her or his ground and share a powerful trust. In sum, although counselors working with Native American clients should exercise caution when ④using humor, they definitely should not overlook it as a powerful therapeutic technique. Indian humor serves the purpose of reaffirming and enhancing the sense of connectedness as part of family, clan, and tribe. To the extent ⑤that it can serve that purpose in the counseling relationship, it is all the better.
정답 : ②wearing
14. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
For millions of years man and his closest ancestors obtained food (and medicinal substances) from nature in a ready form. There was nothing to prevent the whole diversity of biologically active substances from entering his body. Cooking food was an individual domestic affair. ‘Gathering’ was the first way man ①received material benefits. The sharp fall in rural populations that accompanied the growth of cities and the development of so-called public catering ②necessitated the production and storage of enormous quantities of food products. This coincided with the emergence of a second way of deriving material benefits—‘production’. But side by side with production, in the sense of the creation of completely new objects for consumption, ③going the process of purification (distillation, refinement, etc.). We have called this process ‘anti-gathering’. It has led to ④finely ground flour products, polished rice and other grain ⑤removed from the husk, refined oil, and refined sugar. The choice of vegetables and wild-growing plants has shrunk; pure spirits such as vodka have replaced natural wines.
*husk (곡물의) 겉껍질 **spirits 증류주
정답 : ③goes
15. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
In the offline world, bystander helping is influenced by the number of other people available to provide help. If people see that others are available to help, their own motivation to help ①is diminished. In the online world, it is hard to know how many potential helpers are available. The combination of visible needs for help and unknown numbers of potential helpers may make the felt need to offer help more ②saliently. Until one person actually offers help, every potential helper may assume that he or she is the only one who could help. Physical invisibility also reduces the barriers to ③offering help for people whose age, gender, race, or other visible attributes ④lead people to discount their contributions in the offline world, regardless of their actual usefulness. Help provided is not spurned on the basis of irrelevant physical or social attributes; it can be judged ⑤based solely on its quality.
정답 : ②salient
16. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Fear of strangers (xenophobia) has had a long history. Foreigners, an out-group, were seen as ①threatening simply by being different. Immigration policies have continued to reflect this concern ②which foreigners use up our resources, take our jobs, and become a burden or threat to society. People from other lands and other groups gain a negative stereotype. They do not share our history, our beliefs or ideology, our religion or our work ethic so they are unwelcome. They do not have to ③be afforded equal consideration in the application of our values or laws. Racism and prejudice are passed along from generation to generation in a process ④known as cultural transmission. Primary groups reinforce prejudices and stereotypes during socialization. The media disproportionately report negatives about minorities (out-groups), institutions ⑤advance discriminatory practices, and governments institute programs and policies that deny equal opportunity. As these become entrenched, they are difficult to challenge.
정답 : ②that
17. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
If the hypothesis under consideration is a simple generalization, it may be sufficient to test it by looking for more examples, ①seeing whether or not the generalization holds for them. Under these circumstances unfavorable examples which violate the generalization may or may not lead to its rejection. If the generalization has any reasonable body of supporting data, the finding of new facts which do not fit usually ②leading to the refinement or elaboration of the original hypothesis rather than its complete rejection. On the other hand, if the original basis for the hypothesis was slender, the unfavorable instances may ③so outweigh the favorable ones as to make ④it reasonable to believe that the earlier agreement was a matter of pure chance. Also, a new hypothesis may be developed ⑤which fits the original data and the new data as well.
정답 : ②leads
18. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Knowledge—the output of human innovation—is unique among all resources. It’s not a physical resource. It’s an information resource. ①Where all physical resources are depleted by use, and are divided by sharing, knowledge ②is different. A wheel may break or wear out, but the idea of the wheel will keep on working. A wheel can only be used in one place and one time, but the design for a wheel can be shared with an infinite number of people, all of ③them can benefit from it. Ideas aren’t zero-sum. That means the world isn’t zero-sum. One person or nation’s gain doesn’t have to be another’s loss. By creating new ideas, we can enrich all of us on the planet, while ④impoverishing none. Knowledge plays by different rules ⑤than physical resources, rules that make it inherently abundant.
정답 : ③whom
19. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
To at least “compare notes” with other philosophically interested people ①to add something crucial to the practice of philosophy itself and not just because it’s important to make your ideas more widely known. Rather, it helps you hone your ideas to greater quality. Part of this is making sure that your ideas and reasoning process are as clearly spelled out as possible; ensuring that they’re clear to someone else helps make them clearer to ②yourself. This is how a philosopher ensures that he or she is really making sense and ③using valid reasoning processes. If you are challenged by someone who seems to disagree, this forces you to be as clear as possible ④about what principles you are starting with and exactly how you are reasoning to a given conclusion. This gives both participants in a philosophical exchange an indispensable opportunity ⑤to hone their ideas and reasoning skills. Thus, the social component of philosophy is an essential part of the doing of philosophy itself.
정답 : ①adds
20. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
In a formalized manner the social structure of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast is based on intricate forms of clan and family lineage ①regulated by both birth and wealth. Rank and privilege were proclaimed by song, speech, and costume in tribal cultures where relative status in the community was ②of prime importance. Whole costumes from headgear to leggings were decorated with a readable heraldic system based on familiar animals associated with clan symbolism, and personal, often inherited, spiritual relationships. Costumes were worn at the social and religious events that expressed their ③highly differentiated and formally structured society. As a new rank was achieved or a fresh honor bestowed upon an individual, the concurrent rise in prestige and status was often marked by that person’s right to wear ④other highly specialized symbolic garment. In this way the ownership and display of ritual clothing was ⑤literally the visual fabric of the social order.
정답 : ④another
21. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
There is an old television commercial from the seventies that shows a Native American ①walking along a polluted river. The garbage floats to the top and onto the river banks as a tear flows down his cheek. There are no words spoken by the man but it is clear that he is ashamed and appalled ②at what we have done to the beautiful land that was once his ③ancestors’. Every day, we fail to realize that our actions have an impact on the future. If we pull up our stakes and move the family to Florida, they will grow up as Southerners and not as New Englanders. They will live in a world devoid of snow and cold and ④be reliant on fans and air conditioners for their comfort. If you work eighteen hours a day and your children are raised by babysitters and other child care providers, do not be surprised at the people they grow up to be. Every action has a reaction. You may not realize it today, but someone ⑤may in the future.
정답 : ⑤will
22. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
In a series of experiments by Jacques Mehler and his colleagues, infants as young as four days old were able to distinguish their native language from a different language, while they were unable to distinguish utterances in two foreign languages. The babies were more aroused by utterances in the native language, as indicated by the faster rate ①at what they sucked on their pacifiers. On the basis of several studies indicating that some sound from speech reaches infants in utero, although ②reduced in frequency range and intensity, Mehler and his colleagues tested very young infants with ③highly filtered versions of recordings in the native language and one that was nonnative. The infants were able to discriminate preferentially in favor of their native language. This suggests that prosodic cues play an important role in the infants’ responses, since those were the only cues ④available on the filtered tapes. The experimenters conclude that prosody is sufficient for infants ⑤to discriminate the two languages.
정답 : ①at which
23. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
We sometimes solve number problems almost without realizing it. For example, suppose you are conducting a meeting and you want to ensure that everyone there has a copy of the agenda. You can deal with this by labelling each copy of the handout in turn with the initials of each of ①those present. As long as you do not run out of copies before completing this process, you will know that you have a sufficient number to go around. You have then solved this problem without resorting to arithmetic and without explicit counting. There are numbers at work for us here all the same and they allow precise comparison of one collection with ②another, even though the members that make up the collections could have entirely different characters, ③as could the case here, where one set is a collection of people, while ④the other consists of pieces of paper. What numbers allow us to do ⑤is to compare the relative size of one set with another.
정답 : ③as is
24. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
For more than two decades, school reform ①has been driven by an agenda that appears to be uninformed by even the most basic research ②into what we now know about the functioning of the brain or the healthy development of the child. Educational leaders and policy makers aren’t asking, “What do children need for healthy brain development?” “How do they learn best?” or “When’s the optimal time to teach him or her to read or do algebra?” Rather, they seem to be asking, “What do we need this child to be able to do in order to meet our school, local, or national standards?” Most reform has been focused ③on what to cram into children’s heads—and testing them ad nauseam to see what sticks—rather than on developing their brains. What this means ④is that we do more but accomplish less. Educational reforms fail because they hinge on policies that lower the sense of control of students, teachers, and administrators alike, predictably ⑤lead to greater stress, lower student engagement, and ever more teacher dissatisfaction and burnout.
정답 : ⑤leading
25. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Think of life as a charity foot race. The race, like many things in life, will have a similar outcome for most of the participants—they will all reach the finish line. The only difference then, ①is the process of running the race. What then is the difference between the person, eyes focused straight ahead, ②which rushes from the starting line to the finish line in a wild dash hope of winning and the person who looks to the right and left and still arrives at the finish line? ③Not that there’s anything wrong with winning races; however, only one person can win by reaching the finish line first, while everyone can win from the standpoint of the process. The key is to develop a personal definition of winning. Winning can be enjoying the scenery, the nice people along the way, or even the time for reflection ④during the relaxed race. Remember the old rat race analogy—it might be more important not to be a rat than ⑤to win the rat race. After all, if you win the rat race, you will still be a rat.
정답 : ②who
26. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
For many people, the words “Cajun” and “Creole” lead to visions of gumbo, red beans and rice, crawfish, and just about anything that’s been “blackened, Cajun-style.” While these culinary traditions are distinctive and delicious, they ①have overshadowed the many other unique cultural contributions ②made by Louisiana’s Cajun and Creole communities, and ③are often considered without reference to the social and historical contexts that produced them. When “Cajun” and “Creole” are reduced to adjectives on menus and food labels, it becomes easy to lose sight of the people those adjectives first ④described. As poet Sheryl St. Germain writes in “Cajun,” she fears “the word’s been stolen” by retail commodifiers of a culture emptied of its content and its history, ⑤reducing—quite literally—to an object of consumption.
정답 : ⑤reduced
27. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
As Larry Cuban, former president of the American Educational Research Association, ①points out, schools have spent billions of dollars over the years on technologies that have, in fact, changed very ②little of how we think about an “education” in the developed world. More often than not, we strip the agency and freedoms that digital tools give to learners and creators outside of school when they bring those same tools into the building. The system of schooling that most of us are products of ③being based on a series of structures and efficiencies that do not work well with the messier, less linear, more self-organized ways we can learn, create, and connect on the Internet. In fact, the system almost ④unwittingly marginalizes digital technologies in schools. We relegate them to labs or libraries, or if we place them in students’ hands, they’re used only for discrete, narrow purposes like reading textbooks, creating documents, or taking assessments. Few would argue that in schools today, we see technology ⑤primarily as an institutional teaching tool, not a personal learning tool.
정답 : ③is
28. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
It is pretty well known that creativity functions best with periods of incubation, but it can be really hard to integrate this nothing time into your work practice. However, it is ①vital unconscious time when our minds are able to rework elements or problems that have arisen through conscious activity and which, more often than not, ②resulting in new and fresh ideas. I’ve always felt a bit guilty about my regular half-hour afternoon naps, partly because I’m so conscious ③that I’m not doing anything and it often feels more like I’m escaping. But sleep has been shown to be a very significant part of the creative process which utilizes intuition and insight and ④which leads you down a much more successful path to problem solving. Therefore, this proves that not only ⑤is nothing actually something, but it is in fact crucial.
정답 : ②result in
29. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
The rising challenge today for library workers ①to be to help users not only find information on the Internet, but also become skillful evaluators of its usefulness and reliability from the ocean of resources ②available. Critical thinking skills are also essential. In school and academic libraries, this responsibility is shared with classroom teachers. Staff members in special libraries have a responsibility to sift through and evaluate data for their colleagues. For public librarians and staff, ③helping users find and evaluate information ④is central to their mission. In all cases, the library worker’s role as an evaluator is just as important as ⑤that of a facilitator. For these reasons, libraries remain alive and well, because the Internet complements libraries, but does not replace them.
정답 : ①is
30. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Mathematics is one of the most profound creations of the human mind. For thousands of years, the content of mathematical theories seemed to tell us something ①profound about the nature of the natural world—something that could not be expressed in any way ②other than the mathematical. How many of the greatest minds in history, from Pythagoras to Galileo to Gauss to Einstein, ③having held that “God is a mathematician”? This attitude reveals a reverence for mathematics that is occasioned by the sense that nature has a secret code that reveals her ④hidden order. The immediate evidence from the natural world may seem to be chaotic and without any inner regularity, but mathematics reveals ⑤that under the surface the world of nature has an unexpected simplicity—an extraordinary beauty and order.
정답 : ③have held
31. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Sociologist Harry Edwards argues that both sport and religion have a body of formally stated beliefs that are accepted on faith by ①a great number of adherents. Belief systems are centered on a creed that followers abide by in varying degrees. Fans are told ②to have “faith” in their team, especially in times of turmoil, much in the same manner that religious people are told to have faith in times ③where they doubt their religion. The philosopher William James coined the phrase “the will to believe” to express the view that sometimes ④believing that an event will occur can actually help make it happen. This can be applied to both athletes and fans, who feel that their strong dedication to ⑤win might actually tip the scale and make victory occur.
정답 : ⑤winning
32. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
The advent of technological innovations in sound production has had radical (some might argue liberating) consequences for film scoring and recording. It is theoretically possible now, in many parts of the world, for a composer to virtually create and produce an entire score, thus ①eliminating the need for teams of assistants, arrangers, and copyists to realize the score, and live musicians on acoustic instruments to perform it. In many film industries it is becoming ②increasingly necessary for composers to have computer expertise. In Bollywood, for instance, it has become so commonplace for scores to be digitally produced on a synthesizer that the very nomenclature has begun to change, with the term “programmer” ③replaced “music director.” Such changes to film scoring ④have been so dramatic and the economic consequences so profound that Gregory Booth, in a recent book on the Mumbai film industry, ⑤labels the preprogramming years “Old Bollywood” and postprogramming “New Bollywood.”
정답 : ③replacing
33. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Today, Luddite is a disparaging term used ①to refer to a person who is opposed to or cautiously critical of technology. But it’s important to remember that the original Luddites were not, in fact, opposed to technology per se. It was not the machines themselves that the Luddites feared and reacted against. Rather, they understood that technology is meant to serve humans, not the other way around. Luddites were not protesting the technology itself; they were objecting to the new economic realities ②brought about by the machines. In former times, craftsmen had been able to work at their own pace and set their own prices for their goods. But with the dawn of industrialization and mass production, craftsmen fell on hard times and ③increasingly forced to work for the hated factories. Suddenly they were answerable not ④to themselves but to a factory owner; they had to give up autonomy, or starve. They saw ⑤what the machines meant to their livelihood, to their lives, to their families, and to their communities. And they didn’t like what they saw.
정답 : ③were increasingly forced
34. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
The free market will tend to oversupply goods with negative externalities, and undersupply goods with positive externalities. It is easy to see why. Creating a negative externality is often a way of dumping your costs on ①another: literally. If it is cheaper to use a noisy production process than a quiet one, other people are inadvertently ‘subsidizing’ my use of the noisy process by bearing the cost of ②being disturbed by the noise. Public goods, on the other hand, are subject to the free-rider problem. Why should I contribute to supply street lights if I ③will get the benefit whether or not I contribute? But if everyone thinks like this—and the market encourages this type of reasoning—no lighting will be provided. It is normally assumed that the solution to these problems is to make the state the supplier of public goods, ④taxes citizens to pay for them. Similarly the state can make pollution ⑤illegal, returning the costs to the polluter.
정답 : ④taxing
35. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks left the economy reeling from a lack of spending and confidence. One industry that was affected the most ①was the airline industry. This industry suffered huge and insurmountable losses that threatened the survival of the largest airline companies. Without air travel, businesses became slower, less efficient, and less reliable. In this instance, a lack of demand wasn’t ②necessarily indicative of consumers’ true feelings toward air travel. Rather, this lack of demand was created by an extreme disaster. So the question became, what should be done? Should the government have let the forces of supply and demand ③take over and eventually revamp the airline industry? Or should the government have taken a more proactive approach? The answer depended on time. If the government had stood by and let the economy regulate itself in this situation, the airline industry may have recovered, but in the process, countless more jobs ④would be lost. So the government intervened and put together a monetary aid package to keep the airline industry ⑤alive.
정답 : ④would have been lost
36. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
While time is being compressed by the frantic pace of modern life, our sense of space has expanded to the point ①where the concept of place is no longer salient. Most public spaces are now commercial spaces standardized to provide comfort zones and facilitate easy access and mobility by anyone who might enter—a famous coffee shop on every corner, with vast swathes of every city ②resembles an airport terminal. While democratic in appearance, in reality these spaces are designed to coordinate economic activity across nodes in the global commodity chain, obedient to the protocols of external control, with every public space given over to ③marketing the same products to consumers seduced by ahistorical, transregional brands created by the advertising industry. In the process, ④genuinely local places are stripped of uniqueness and particularity. Each location resembles every other location, and only the occasional extraordinary effort on the part of the locals ⑤preserves a genuine sense of place.
정답 : ②resembling
37. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
In the popular media, archaeology is mainly identified with spectacular discoveries of artifacts from prehistoric and ancient cultures, such as the tomb of the Egyptian king Tutankhamun. As a result, people often think of archaeologists ①primarily as collectors. But contemporary archaeologists are much more interested in understanding and explaining their finds in terms of what those objects say about the behavior that produced them ②as in creating collections. Their principal task is to infer the nature of past cultures based on the patterns of the artifacts ③left behind. Archaeologists work like detectives, slowly sifting and interpreting evidence. The context ④in which things are found, the location of an archaeological site, and the precise position of an artifact within that site ⑤are critical to interpretation. In fact, these considerations may be more important than the artifact itself.
정답 : ②than
38. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Violence is common among many living organisms and probably has roots that stretch back to the time of the first noncloned life forms that were capable of physical interaction. The term “violence” is often used ①interchangeably with “aggression” or “agonism,” but it differs in its precision, and that difference is worth ②recognizing. While “aggression” is normally defined as any behavior relating to attack, threat, or defense, and “agonism” ③including all of those behaviors plus fleeing, “violence” is more specific. “Violence” is defined as one or more individuals physically ④attacking one or more other individuals. The term “violence” is typically used in a negative, antisocial context, especially regarding humans. I did a brief survey of the scientific literature over the past 4 years and found no articles that used the term “violence” when ⑤referring to animal behavior. Instead, the term was reserved for human behavior and typically for behaviors that are categorized as delinquent or antisocial.
정답 : ③includes
39. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Less than one hundred years ago most rural households in the United States sustained ①themselves by farming. While some agricultural products were sold for money on the open market, ②others were produced solely for household consumption or for bartering with neighbors. All family members, including husbands, wives, and children, ③contributing their labor to the economic maintenance and survival of the household. While there was a well-established division of labor along gender and age lines in many farm households, there was not a well-articulated and formalized occupational structure within most rural areas. In this social and economic context, the household, the community, and the economy were ④tightly bound up with one another. The local economy was not something that could be isolated from society. Rather the economy ⑤was embedded in the social relations of the farm household and the rural community.
정답 : ③contributed
40. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법 상 틀린 것은?
Democratic peoples—especially Americans—respond strongly to moral narratives that cleanly distinguish between the forces of good and evil. They have a harder time coming to grips with moral complexity and ambiguity. Private and public morality sometimes diverge. The norms of foreign policy and war are not congruent with ①that of domestic affairs. And the virtues of the private household do not always map ②neatly onto those of the public household. For example, most economists believe that ③poorly timed public thrift—austerity—can make a bad economic situation worse. But most people have a hard time understanding why it can be right for a government ④to spend more than it is taking in—especially if the public deficit is used ⑤to finance current consumption. While many parents grasp the rationale of going into debt to finance a college education, they are loath to cosign loans for children’s fancy cars and flat-screen TVs.
정답 : ①those